LOX/kerosene
Max Isp ~353
Oxidizer to fuel ratio 2.56
Density (g/ml) 0.81-1.02
Heat capacity ratio 1.24
Temperature of combustion 3,670 K
RP-1 (alternately, Rocket Propellant-1 or Refined Petroleum-1) is a
highly refined form of kerosene outwardly similar to jet fuel, used as
rocket fuel. Although having a lower specific impulse than liquid
hydrogen (LH2), RP-1 is cheaper, stable at room temperature, far less
of an explosion hazard and far denser. RP-1 is significantly more
powerful than LH2 by volume. RP-1 also has a fraction of the toxicity
and carcinogenic hazards of hydrazine, another room-temperature liquid
fuel. Thus, kerosene fuels are more practical for many uses.
Soviet and Russian rocket-grade kerosenes are very similar to RP-1 and
are designated T-1 and RG-1. Densities are higher, 0.82 to 0.85 g/ml,
compared to RP-1 at 0.81 g/ml. For a short period, the Soviets
achieved even higher densities by super-chilling the kerosene in a
rocket's fuel tanks, but this partially defeated the purpose of using
kerosene over other super-chilled fuels. In the case of the Soyuz and
other R7-based rockets, the temperature penalty was minor. Facilities
were already in place to manage the vehicle's cryogenic liquid oxygen
and liquid nitrogen, both of which are far colder than the kerosene
temperature. The launcher's central kerosene tank is surrounded on
four sides and the top by liquid oxygen tanks; the liquid nitrogen
tank is nearby at the bottom. The kerosene tanks of the four boosters
are relatively small and compact, and also between a liquid oxygen and
a liquid nitrogen tank. Thus, once the kerosene was chilled initially,
it could remain so for the brief time needed to finish launch
preparations.
Liquid oxygen
IUPAC name
Liquid oxygen
Other names
LOX, LOx, Lox
Properties
Molecular formula O2
Molar mass 32.00 g mol-1
Appearance Pale blue liquid
Density 1.141 g·cm-3
Melting point 54.36 K (-361.82 °F; -222.65 °C)
Boiling point 90.19 K (-297.33 °F, -182.96 °C)
Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their
standard state (at 25 °C (77 °F), 100 kPa)
Infobox references
Liquid oxygen -- abbreviated LOx, LOX or Lox in the aerospace,
submarine and gas industries -- is one of the physical forms of
elemental oxygen.
Atomic properties
Oxidation states 2, 1, -1, -2
Electronegativity 3.44 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies 1st: 1313.9 kJ·mol-1
2nd: 3388.3 kJ·mol-1
3rd: 5300.5 kJ·mol-1
(more)
Covalent radius 66±2 pm
Van der Waals radius 152 pm
Miscellanea
Crystal structure cubic
Speed of sound 330 m·s-1 (gas, at 27 °C)
Thermal conductivity 26.58×10-3 W·m-1·K-1
Magnetic ordering parama
A number of common JP type fuels did in rocket engines of The F4 had
in like flame out the other area in Metrology is upstream of Launch of
Standard fallout 34 Miles from Launch center in near fallout Saint
Petersburg Florida the 34 miles from Saint Petersburg Florida is the
Oxygen Crystals from oxidation of frequency of control of Falcon 9
itself that has been recovered by in past of Rocketdyne that spaceX
refuses their Rocketdyne Patent of such use caused a roll out of
control by Oxygen Crystalation before second stage is a Window failure
of Falcon 9 Itself that no sabotage is suspect but a lack of concern
of use of liquid oxygen
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