transmission. These flies are multivoltine, typically producing about
four generations yearly, and up to 31 generations total over their
entire lifespan.
Tsetse are crudely similar to other large flies, such as the housefly,
but can be distinguished by various characteristics of their anatomy,
two of which are easy to observe. Tsetse fold their wings completely
when they are resting so that one wing rests directly on top of the
other over their abdomen. Tsetse also have a long proboscis, which
extends directly forward and is attached by a distinct bulb to the
bottom of their head.
From: UNNews <UNNews@un.org>
Date: 24 Apr 2014 17:00:00 -0400
Subject: IN MAJOR BREAKTHROUGH, SCIENTISTS IN UN-BACKED INITIATIVE
DECODE TSETSE FLY GENOME
To: news11@ny-mail-p-lb-028.ptc.un.org
IN MAJOR BREAKTHROUGH, SCIENTISTS IN UN-BACKED INITIATIVE DECODE
TSETSE FLY GENOMENew York, Apr 24 2014 5:00PMScientists in a United
Nations-backed collaborative have cracked the genetic code of the
bloodsucking tsetse fly in a breakthrough that brings new hope to the
fight against one of the most devastating livestock diseases spread by
the insect.
Tsetse flies are vectors for the single-cell parasites that cause
trypanosomiasis, or nagana, an often-lethal disease that affects some
3 million animals in sub-Saharan Africa each year at massive costs to
farmers' livelihoods and food security.
The tsetse genome was sequenced and annotated during a 10-year global
collaborative effort that involved the Insect Pest Control Laboratory
run jointly by the Rome-based UN Food and Agriculture Organization
(FAO) and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in Vienna.
Scientists will now be able to better study the fly's genes and
functions, knowledge that should open the door for researching ways to
control the insect, according to a
<"http://www.fao.org/news/story/en/item/224942/icode/">news release
issued by the two UN agencies.
"Decoding the tsetse fly's DNA is a major scientific breakthrough that
opens the way for more effective control of trypanosomiasis, which is
good news for millions of herders and farmers in sub-Saharan Africa,"
said Kostas Bourtzis of the Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear
Techniques in Food and Agriculture.
"Detection and treatment of trypanosomiasis is currently expensive,
difficult and dangerous for the livestock as it often involves toxic
drugs, but this new knowledge will accelerate research on tsetse
control methods and help scientists develop new and complementary
strategies to reduce the use of costly drugs and insecticides," he
said.
Trypanosomiasis leads to a debilitating chronic condition that reduces
fertility, weight gain, meat and milk production, and makes livestock
too weak to be used for ploughing or transport, which in turn affects
crop production.
Humans bitten by carrier flies can develop African sleeping sickness,
which can be fatal without treatment.
No vaccine against the disease exists for livestock or humans because
the parasite is able to evade mammalian immune systems, so control
methods primarily involve targeting tsetse flies through trapping,
pesticide treatments and sterile male release strategies.
The Joint FAO/IAEA Division is currently supporting 14 African nations
in their efforts to tackle the trypanosomiasis problem by controlling
tsetse fly populations by integrating the sterile insect technique
with other control methods.
A form of "insect birth control," according to the Division, the
sterile insect technique involves releasing mass-bred male flies that
have been sterilized by low doses of radiation into infested areas,
where they mate with wild females. These do not produce offspring and,
as a result, the technique can suppress and, if applied systematically
on an area-wide basis, eventually eradicate populations of wild flies.
Tsetse flies were successfully eradicated from the island of Zanzibar
using the sterile insect technique and are currently being suppressed
in parts of southern Ethiopia. In January, Senegal reported that it
was making significant progress in infested areas in the Niayes with
the same method. Apr 24 2014 5:00PM
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