Historical geology
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Not to be confused with History of geology.
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Historical geology is a discipline that uses the principles and techniques ofgeology to reconstruct and understand the geological history of Earth.[1] It focuses on geologic processes that change the Earth's surface and subsurface; and the use ofstratigraphy, structural geology andpaleontology to tell the sequence of these events. It also focuses on theevolution of plants and animals during different time periods in the geological timescale. The discovery ofradioactivity and the development of a variety of radiometric datingtechniques in the first half of the 20th century provided a means of deriving absolute versus relative ages of geologic history.
Economic geology, the search for and extraction of energy and raw materials, is heavily dependent on an understanding of the geological history of an area. Environmental geology, including most importantly the geologic hazards of earthquakes andvolcanism, must also include a detailed knowledge of geologic history.
Contents
1 Historical development2 Brief geological history3 See also4 Notes
Historical development
Nicolaus Steno, also known as Niels Stensen, was the first to observe and propose some of the basic concepts of historical geology. One of these concepts was that fossils originally came from living organisms. The other, more famous, observations are often grouped together to form the laws ofstratigraphy.
James Hutton and Charles Lyell also contributed to early understanding of the Earth's history with their observations at Edinburgh in Scotlandconcerning angular unconformity in a rock face and it was in fact Lyell that influenced Charles Darwin greatly in his theory of evolution by speculating that the present is the key to the past. Hutton first proposed the theory ofuniformitarianism, which is now a basic principle in all branches of geology. Hutton also supported the idea that the Earth was very old as opposed to the prevailing concept of the time which said the Earth had only been around a few millennia. Uniformitarianism describes an Earthcreated by the same natural phenomena that are at work today.
The prevailing concept of the 18th century in the West was that of a very short Earth history dominated bycatastrophic events. This view was strongly supported by adherents ofAbrahamic religions based on a largely literal interpretation of their religious scriptural passages. The concept of uniformitarianism met with considerable resistance and the catastrophism vs. gradualism debate of the 19th century resulted. A variety of discoveries in the 20th century provided ample evidence that Earth history is a product of both gradual incremental processes and sudden cataclysmic events. Violent events such as meteorite impacts and largevolcanic explosions do shape theEarth's surface along with gradual processes such as weathering, erosionand deposition much as they have throughout Earth history. The present is the key to the past - includes catastrophic as well as gradual processes.
Brief geological history
Main article: Geologic time scale
Phanerozoic EON
(544 mya to present)
"The age of visible life"
ERA
Periods
EPOCH
Evolutionary Milstones
Cenozoic Era
(65 mya to today)
Quaternary (1.8 mya to today)
Holocene (11,000 years to today)Modern man radiates, "science" appears and eventually computers and the Internet become ubiquitous.Pleistocene (1.8 mya to 11,000 yrs)Neandertals appear and disappear; Homo erectus and Homo sapiens appearTertiary (65 to 1.8 mya)Pliocene (5 to 1.8 mya)Ape-like ancestors of modern humans (Hominids), the australopithecinesMiocene (23 to 5 mya)Grazing horses, antelopes appearOligocene (38 to 23 mya)
Radiation of more modern animals: most modern bird forms have appeared; most modern mammals have appeared.
Eocene (54 to 37 mya)First grasses appear, a resource for herbovores; trees thrive. Some modern mammals appear: advanced primates; camels, cats, dogs, horses & rodentsPaleocene (65 to 54 mya)Flowering plants begin radiation extending through the Eocene. Small mammals radiateMesozoic Era
(245 to 65 mya)
Cretaceous (146 to 65 mya)
Divided
as:
Upper;
Middle;
Lower
Major extinction includes dinosaurs and ammonites (K-T)
Appearances include: flowering plants (angiosperms); lizards; placental animals (early mammals); snakes; social insects; marsupial and primitive placental animals
Modern insect forms radiate
Jurassic (208 to 146 mya)Appearances include birds; crabs; frogs and salamanders
Dinosaurs radiate to dominate the landTriassic (245 to 208 mya)Breakup of Pangaea begins
Major extinction event: tabulate corals and conodonts disappear - ammonoids, reptiles and amphibians decimated
Appearances include: dinosaurs; crocodiles; marine reptiles; turtles;Pterosauria and mammals
Major groups of seed plants appear
Paleozoic Era
(544 to 245 mya)
Permian (286 to 245 mya)
Major extinction of invertebrates (P-T). Trilobites fade away forever. All but articulate crinoids dissapear
Seedplants producing large trees
Carboniferous
(360 to 286 mya)
Pennsylvanian (325 to 286 mya)Conifers & many winged insects appearMississippian (360 to 325 mya)Reptiles appear. Trilobites become scarceDevonian (410 to 360 mya)Mass extinction (F-F)
Land colonized by plants and animals
Appearances include: insects; sharks; amphibians (tetrapods); lung fishes and earliest seed plants.
Extensive radiation of fishes.Silurian (440 to 410 mya)Jawed fish, cartilaginous fish and vascular plants appear. Primitive terrestrial predators: Arachnids.Ordovician (500 to 440 mya)Mass extinction
First land plants; bryozoans appear. Trilobites begin to specialize.Cambrian (544 to 500 mya)Tommotian (530 to 527 mya)Appearance of hard parts and vision - fossils become common. Appearances include: vertebrates; jawless fish; small shelly animals; conodonts; trilobites radiate repeatedly and reach their peak diversity.First major radiation of animals
Precambrian Time
(4,500 to 544 mya)
"deep time on earth"
Proterozoic Era
(2500 to 544 mya)
Vendian (650 to 544 mya) or Ediacaran
No Epochs
Cold climate with glaciation in late Proterozoic
Neoproterozoic (900 to 544 mya) - Late
Rodinia supercontinent splits (.75 ba) forming Panthalassic Ocean
Mesoproterozoic (1600 to 900 mya) - MiddleRodinia supercontinent forms (1.1 ba)Paleoproterozoic (2500 to 1600 mya) - Early.
Archaean
(3800 to 2500 mya)
Toxic atmosphere of ammonia methane and other gases
Formation of stromatolites
Hadean
(4500 to 3800 mya)Earth's environment extremely hostile to life as we know it.
Oldest rocks form (3.8 ba)
Sun forms and planets coalesceDawn of Time(13,700 mya)The Big Bang (13,700 mya)
Trilobites (/ˈtraɪlɵbaɪt/, /ˈtrɪlɵbaɪt/; meaning "three lobes") are a fossil group of extinct marine arthropods that form the class Trilobita. Trilobites form one of the earliest known groups of arthropods. The first appearance of trilobites in the fossil record defines the base of the Atdabanian stage of theEarly Cambrian period (521 million years ago), and they flourished throughout the lowerPaleozoic era before beginning a drawn-out decline to extinction when, during the Devonian, all trilobite orders exceptProetida died out. Trilobites finally disappeared in the mass extinction at the end of the Permian about250 million years ago. The trilobites were among the most successful of all early animals, roaming the oceans for over 270 million years.
By the time trilobites first appeared in the fossil record they were already highly diversified and geographically dispersed. Because trilobites had wide diversity and an easily fossilizedexoskeleton an extensive fossil record was left behind, with some 17,000 known species spanning Paleozoictime. The study of these fossils has facilitated important contributions tobiostratigraphy, paleontology,evolutionary biology and plate tectonics. Trilobites are often placed within the arthropod subphylum Schizoramia within the superclassArachnomorpha (equivalent to the Arachnata), although several alternative taxonomies are found in the literature.
Trilobites had many life styles; somemoved over the sea-bed as predators,scavengers or filter feeders and someswam, feeding on plankton. Most life styles expected of modern marine arthropods are seen in trilobites, with the possible exception of parasitism(where there are still scientific debates). Some trilobites (particularly the family Olenidae) are even thought to have evolved a symbiotic relationship with sulfur-eating bacteria from which they derived food.
Yet the Trilobites soon moved to small inlets later to be called "Horseshoe Crab" even today due to miss classification of unknowing of inland Seas as to Southwestern United States on into parts of Florida Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "King-Crab". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. Columbia Mountain Times Columbia College 1968 - present
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Further readingEdit
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "King-Crab". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
bert Kihm; James St. John (2007). "Walch's trilobite research – A translation of his 1771 trilobite chapter". In Donald G. Mikulic, Ed Landing and Joanne Kluessendorf. Fabulous fossils – 300 years of worldwide research on trilobites (PDF). New York State Museum Bulletin 507 (University of the State of New York). pp. 115–140.
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